Learn About the Atlantic Island Territory of Bermuda

Population: 67,837 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: HamiltonLand Area: 21 square miles (54 sq km)Coastline: 64 miles (103 km)Highest Point: Town Hill at 249 feet (76 m) Bermuda is an overseas self-governing territory of the United Kingdom. It is a very small island archipelago located in the northern Atlantic Ocean about 650 miles (1,050 km) off the coast of North Carolina in the United States. Bermuda is the oldest of the British overseas territories and according to the United States Department of State, its largest city, Saint George, is known as the oldest continuously inhabited English-Speaking settlement in the Western Hemisphere. The archipelago is also known for its prosperous economy, tourism and subtropical climate.History of BermudaBermuda was first discovered in 1503 by Juan de Bermudez, a Spanish explorer. The Spanish did not settle the islands, which were uninhabited, at that time because they were surrounded by dangerous coral reefs which made them difficult to reach.In 1609, a ship of British colonists landed on the islands after a shipwreck. They remained there for ten months and sent a variety of reports on the islands back to Engl and. In 1612, the king of England, King James, included what is present-day Bermuda in the Charter of the Virginia Company. Shortly thereafter, 60 British colonists arrived on the islands and founded Saint George.In 1620, Bermuda became a self-governing colony of England after representative government was introduced there. For the rest of the 17th century however, Bermuda was mainly considered an outpost because the islands were so isolated. During this time, its economy was centered on shipbuilding and the trading of salt.The slave trade also grew in Bermuda during the territorys early years but it was outlawed in 1807. By 1834, all slaves in Bermuda were freed. As a result, today, the majority of Bermudas population is descended from Africa.Bermudas first constitution was drafted in 1968 and since then there have been several movements for independence but the islands still remain a British territory today.Government of BermudaBecause Bermuda is a British territory, its governmen tal structure resembles that of British government. It has a parliamentary form of government that is considered a self-governing territory. Its executive branch is made up of a chief of state, Queen Elizabeth II, and a head of government. Bermudas legislative branch is a bicameral Parliament composed of the Senate and the House of Assembly. Its judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and Magistrate Courts. Its legal system is also based on English laws and customs. Bermuda is divided into nine parishes (Devonshire, Hamilton, Paget, Pembroke, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton and Warwick) and two municipalities (Hamilton and Saint George) for local administration.Economics and Land Use in BermudaAlthough small, Bermuda has a very strong economy and the third highest per capita income in the world. As a result, it has a high cost of living and high real estate prices. Bermudas economy is mainly based on financial services for international businesses , luxury tourism and the related services and very light manufacturing. Only 20% of Bermudas land is arable, so agriculture does not play a large role in its economy but some of the crops grown there include bananas, vegetables, citrus and flowers. Dairy products and honey are also produced in Bermuda.Geography and Climate of BermudaBermuda is an island archipelago located in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The closest large landmass to the islands is the United States, specifically, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It consists of seven main islands and hundreds of small islands and islets. The seven main islands of Bermuda are clustered together and are connected via bridges. This area is called the Island of Bermuda.Bermudas topography consists of low hills that are separated by depressions. These depressions are very fertile and they are where the majority of Bermudas agriculture takes place. The highest point on Bermuda is Town Hill at just 249 feet (76 m). The smaller islands of Ber muda are mainly coral islands (about 138 of them). Bermuda has no natural rivers or freshwater lakes.br/>The climate of Bermuda is considered subtropical and it is mild most of the year. It can be humid at times however and it receives abundant rainfall. Strong winds are common during Bermudas winters and it is prone to hurricanes from June to November because of its position in the Atlantic along the Gulf Stream. Because the islands of Bermuda are so small however, direct landfall of hurricanes is rare. Bermudas most damaging hurricane to date was the category 3 Hurricane Fabian which hit in September 2003. Most recently, in September 2010, Hurricane Igor moved toward the islands.More Facts about Bermuda†¢ The average cost of a home in Bermuda exceeded $1,000,000 by the mid-2000s.†¢ Bermudas main natural resource is limestone which is used for building.†¢ Bermudas official language is English.ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (19 August 2010). CIA - The World Fa ctbook - Bermuda. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Bermuda: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108106.html#axzz0zu00uqsbUnited States Department of State. (19 April 2010). Bermuda. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5375.htmWikipedia.com. (18 September 2010). Bermuda - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda

Application Of A Computer Arrangement - 1481 Words

A computer arrangement is a accumulation of computer systems and added accretion accouterments accessories that are affiliated calm through advice channels to facilitate advice and resource-sharing a allotment of a advanced ambit of users. Networks are frequently categorized based on their characteristics. One of the ancient examples of a computer arrangement was a arrangement of communicating computers that functioned as allotment of the U.S. military s Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) alarm system. In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah were affiliated as allotment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Arrangement (ARPANET) project. It is this arrangement that acquired to become what we now alarm the Internet. 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Cruise Ship Vacation vs. Land Based Resort Vacation Free Essays

Instead of taking an ordinary family vacation this year, consider the rewards of a cruise vacation. As opposed to just staying at the resort you are visiting, you could be visiting a different country almost every day. Even with time restrictions while in ports of call, cruiseship vacations are fun and educational because you can visit four countries in seven days. We will write a custom essay sample on Cruise Ship Vacation vs. Land Based Resort Vacation or any similar topic only for you Order Now From weekend getaways to world cruises, there is a cruise available that will fit within your vacation schedule. Although the three and four day â€Å"getaway cruises† are very popular, the average cruise is seven days. You can book a romantic getaway cruise to the Bahamas or Mexico from ports such as Port Canaveral, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Miami, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, New Orleans, Louisiana, Galveston, Texas, San Diego, California, or Los Angeles, California. If you desire to visit the Virgin Islands of the Eastern Caribbean or a couple of the Central American countries in the Western Caribbean, seven to 10 day cruises are also available out of these same ports. When shopping around for a cruiseline, you will find that most cruiselines are very competitive with their rates, Carnival is usually the cheapest and Disney tends to be the most expensive. All cruiselines offer optional travel insurance at very low cost. I highly recommend purchasing this insurance. It covers a wide variety of situations ranging from canceling your vacation because of illness or family emergency, to becoming ill while onboard, to having to be airlifted off the ship because of medical emergency. On one cruise, I became ill the day before the cruise and was very ill by the time everyone was ready for supper that evening. I had to spend the night in the ships’ hospital where I incurred a bill of $995. The travel insurance I purchased paid the bill 100%. While I have been on a total of eight cruises between Carnival, Royal Caribbean, and Princess, it is difficult to say which cruiseline is my favorite because each has individual perks that are unique to that particular company. Another factor that will affect the price of your cruise is the type of stateroom you will stay in. You have a choice of an interior room, an ocean view room, a balcony room, or a suite. The interior, ocean view, and balcony are all approximately 165 square feet each. The interior has no windows, the ocean view has one medium-sized window, and the balcony room has a private balcony (usually about 35 sq ft). My wife and I prefer the balcony room because it is so romantic to eat breakfast on the balcony every morning. The suites come in about four or five different sizes. Rooms also vary in price according to which deck you are on. The higher the deck your room is on, the higher the price will be. Taking a traditional land-based vacation to a resort allows you to spend your entire vacation in one locale where you may wish to venture away from the resort and do some sightseeing. Most resorts also have a variety of rooms to choose from. Whether you want to have your vacation on land or at sea, the first thing you need to do is decide where you want to go, then choose your accommodations for your stay. As the countdown begins toward your cruise, there are several items that must be taken care of. Probably the most important document each passenger must possess is a passport. This is required for all International Travel. A passport costs approximately $90 and is valid for 10 years. If you do not already have a passport, it will take approximately six weeks to receive one by standard mail. 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These are nights you dress up and act like royalty. Starting with your second cruise on the same cruiseline, you will also find yourself invited to the Captain’s Cocktail Party or Welcome Back Party! All medication that you will need on your trip should be packed in your luggage in its’ original container from the pharmacy. Any medication that you will need on the day you set sail should be on your person as you will not receive all your luggage until approximately eight p. m. If you are flying to the city of departure, make sure to check with the cruiseline for transfers from the airport to the cruise pier and also back to the airport after the cruise. These are available for a nominal fee and are usually cheaper than the local taxi’s. If you decide to drive to the cruise pier, you can expect to pay approximately $15 per day for a parking fee. Early preparation is the key to a relaxing vacation. If your travel documents are in order, pack your suitcases about a week in advance and avoid the last minute rush of throwing everything together, and possibly forgetting something. On the day you are to set sail, I suggest arriving at the cruise terminal around 10 a. m. This will allow you to beat most of the traffic, avoid standing in long lines, and you can be one of the first to board the ship, thus allowing you to be at the front of the line to eat lunch and sit at a table by a window. Approximately one hour before the ship sets sail, all guests and crew must be at their assigned lifeboat station for a mandatory U. S. Coastguard lifeboat drill. This drill usually only takes about 20 minutes. Next is the sail away party on the top deck with live music, dancing, and waving goodbye to the people standing along the shoreline. As soon as the ship is in International waters, the casino and onboard duty free shops will be open. Now it is time to prepare for dinner. You have a choice every night for dinner. You can eat in the main dining room (proper attire required) or you can eat on the top deck in a more casual atmosphere at the buffet. After dinner, why not take in a Broadway show in the ships main theater which is usually two to three decks high. A wide variety of bars and dance clubs will also be open to allow you to dance the night away. After a good night’s sleep, a full day of possibilities awaits you. Your first full day of vacation will either find you at your first port of call or spending a relaxing day at sea enroute to your first port. If you are in a port, please pay particular attention to what time the ship leaves and allow yourself plenty of time to return to the ship from your shore excursion. The ship is on a very strict schedule and cannot wait for people who do not make it back on time. If this is a day at sea, here is a list of some of the activities that are available onboard. Fitness center opens about six a. m. , trivia contests, scavenger hunts, men’s belly lop competition, champagne art auction, bingo, slot machine contest, ping pong tournament, karaoke, after dinner Broadway style show, spa, library, Internet lounge, shuffleboard, mini golf, yoga classes, rock climbing wall, and there are about a dozen bars to choose from including poolside bars, sports bars, themed bars, and several dance clubs to choose from also. You can also choose to do nothing and just lay by the pool and soak up some sun. The most hectic part of your vacation is over once you have made it through the traffic and waited in line to be processed as a passenger. Once you walk across the gangway and board the ship, you can leave all the stress and worries behind you. When you and your family sit down and try to decide where to go on vacation this year, think about how rewarding it will be to combine a world of fun with a learning experience the whole family will enjoy. Do you want to spend a week in a hotel with limited sightseeing available or would you prefer to spend a week visiting several countries with endless possibilities, and you only have to unpack your suitcase once. COM/155 Week Nine Final Draft How to cite Cruise Ship Vacation vs. Land Based Resort Vacation, Papers

Junk Essay Example For Students

Junk Essay Cody HarrisWorld History 3March 24, 2002Chapter 21 Vocabulary1. Philip II- son of Charles V, he inherited Spain, and Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. He was shy, serious and deeply religious. When the king of Portugal died without an heir, he gained the empire by being a nephew. His empire provided him with a enormous wealth. He also helped to drive the Muslims out of Spain.1588, he launched the Spanish Armada but was defeated. 2. El Greco- real name Domenikos Theotokopoulos but called by the Greeks as El Greco meaning the Greek. His art often puzzled the people of his time. He used brilliant colors, sometimes clashing. His paintings showed deep Catholic faith of Spain, painting saints and martyrs as huge long-limbed figures that have a supernatural air. 3. Divine Right- the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as Gods representative on earth4. Absolute monarch- kings or queens who believed that all power within their states boundaries rested in their hands. 5. Edict of Nantes- a declaration that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities. 6. Cardinal Richelieu- the ruler, in effect, of France under Louis XIII (1624), he had been a hard-working leader of the Catholic Church in France. He tried sincerely to lead according to moral principles, he was also ambitious and enjoyed exercising authority. He moved against the Huguenots, believing that Protestantism often served as an excuse for political conspiracies. He also sought to weaken the nobles power. He ordered nobles to take down their fortified castles. He increased the power of government agents who came from the middle class. He also wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe, and in order to do this he involved France in the Thirty Years War. 7. Skepticism- the idea that nothing can ever be know for certain 8. Descartes- a brilliant thinker wrote Meditations of First Philosophy. Later became an important role in the Enlightenment. 9. Louis XIV- the most powerful ruler in French history. His reign began as a 5-year-old boy. He became king in 1643, with the true ruler of France being Cardinal Mazarin, since Louis was so young. Mazarins greatest triumph was ending the Thirty Years War in 1648. Louis gained control at the age of 23 when the cardinal died. He made it a point to be surrounded by nobles for two reasons, it made the nobility totally dependent on Louis. It also took them from their homes, thereby giving more power to the intendants. Also removed the Edict of Nantes. 10. Colbert, Jean Baptiste- Louiss minister of finance. He believed in the theory of mercantilism. To prevent wealth from leaving the country, he tried to make France self-sufficient. He wanted to manufacture everything the state needed instead of relying on imports. He gave government funds and tax benefits to French companies. To protect Frances industries, he placed a high tariff on goods from other countries. He encouraged people to mov e to the France colony in Canada. 11. War of the Spanish Succession- the struggle that came about when England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together against Spain and France over the growing power of the Bourbon dynasty. 12. Thirty Years War- a conflict over religion, over territory, and for power among European ruling families, having two main phases: the phase of Hapsburg triumphs and of Hapsburg defeats. 13. Peace of Westphalia- ended the Thirty Years War. It weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria. It also strengthened France by awarding it German territories. .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .postImageUrl , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:hover , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:visited , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:active { border:0!important; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:active , .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66 .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8558d51edc9f3946b3b4c76d3916a66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of a Research Proposal Essay14. Maria Theresa- Charless eldest daughter, the heir to all his Hapsburg territories. In theory, her reign was to be peaceful, instead she faced many years of war. 15. Frederick the Great- believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people, he softened some of his fathers laws, but keeping his military policies. 16. Frederick William I- known as the Great Elector moved toward a absolute monarchy. Created a standing army, the best in Europe17. Peter the Great- continued the trend of increasing the czars power. He brought Russian Orthodox Church under state control. He also reduced the power

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The Terrible Trins The Terrible Trins Title: The Terrible Trins Author: Dick King-Smith Pages: 125 What the book is about: The book is about a mother mouse named Dolly and three baby mice named Thomas, Richard and Henry. Together they try to defeat the cats in the farmhouse where they live. The mice are taught by their mother on what not to get into like mouse traps and poison. First the mice want to get the white cat out of the house and then the black one. Thomas, Henry and Richard scare the white cat out of the house by shaking up his nerves and the get the black one out when they set up a opsticle to knock off the farmers Scrumpy. The cat jumps onto the table running after the mouse then jumps for him and knocks off the jug and then the jar where the farmer keeps his glass eye. The eye rolls of the table and lands in a hole where the three mice find it. In order to get the farmer to like all the mice which he doesn't, and to stop trying to kill them Thomas, Richard and Henry take the eye and give it back to him. The farmer is so happy he immediately go's and take's all the mouse traps and poison and throws them into the fire and from then on the farmer liked mice.

jbr Essays

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Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Studying and analysing the performance of UK Gambling 1252 Essay - 1

Studying and analysing the performance of UK Gambling 1252 - Essay Example In order to evaluate the performance of UK’s gambling industry, three leading gambling organizations; Ladbrokes PLC, Rank Group PLC and Sportech PLC’s financial performance has been considered. The report presents rationales for the selection of gambling industry and selection of the three gambling firms to conduct the study (Chalabi, 2014). The researcher has briefly discussed the outlook of the UK gambling industry on the bases of statistical representation and interpretations of three major gambling firms of UK. The report will elaborate about the internal and external factors that have influenced performance of UK gambling industry. Therefore, PEST analysis has been conducted to illustrate about Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors to determine external environmental factors influencing the performance of the industry (Chalabi, 2014). Moreover, legislative and environmental concerns have also been discusses with respect to the recent amendments in laws and regulations of the government that has affected profitability of the firms. The second section of the report focuses internal factors of the gambling industry. Thus, ratio analysis and SWOT analysis have been conducted to determine financial and non financial aspects of firms and industry (Scherer & Palazzo, 2014). The ratio analysis has been conducted using five years financial results of the company obtained from the annual reports and industrial ratios (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). The ratio analysis has been used as a tool to compare the performance of each firm to provide insight to the financial concerns of the gambling industry. The third section discusses SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats) of the selected firms and industry, as it allows understanding potential opportunities and threats of the UK’s gambling industry. The report would significantly contribute to evaluating and study the performance of gambling industry in UK. It will

Christianity's success and Atheism's failure in explaining the origin Research Paper

Christianity's success and Atheism's failure in explaining the origin of life - Research Paper Example For example, primeval people believed they were originated from a particular animal or a plant (depending on a tribe). These â€Å"origins† were associated with an under human power. Ancient polytheistic religions also had their explanations formulated in myth, tales etc. The belief in single God (monotheism) came later when the polytheistic worldview could no longer satisfy human curiosity and religious needs. Monotheistic religions (such as Christianity) had come to propose a new answer on a subject. The main word here is â€Å"belief†. To be a religious person means to have a particular system of believes which are determined by the religion. Christians believe in a specific number of theses which make their world picture. Those theses can be argued or accepted. It’s different with the atheistic world view. Firstly, it should be mentioned, that atheists do not deny the whole idea of believing. On the other side, one of the biggest myths about atheism is to consider it a religious system. â€Å"Atheism is not a belief system nor is it a religion† (American Atheists, n.d.). It’s a common delusion that atheists believe in â€Å"no God†. They really don’t. Atheists do not practice belief in Gods; they are disbelievers (Cline n.d.). Atheists say theists usually are responsible for these disillusions. â€Å"Where these preconceived ideas come from varies, but they tend to evolve from theistic influences or other sources† (American Atheists, n.d.). Indeed, theists tend to contrapose atheism and theism as these things are equal. But atheists are skeptical about all supernatural things’ existence (like ghosts and spirits), and the God who has created humankind from nothing (as Christianity puts it) is just one of those things. For their way of thinking atheists in West civilization are commonly considered to be Christians’ antagonists. Meanwhile, â€Å"the only common thread that ties all atheists together is a lack of

Continuous Personal Development Criteria

Continuous Personal Development Criteria Continuous professional development (CPD) A case study to examine why we need to have set criteria as to what constitutes continuous professional development. This paper sets out a proposal to establish the means by which certain hypotheses around Social Work CPD may be tested, through primary research. It does so substantively through a limited, ‘pilot’ survey of the views of Social Workers themselves, focusing on the value and nature of their own current and previous CPD experience. The latter were also invited to comment on proposals for alternative frameworks for SW CPD. The objective of this process was to evolve specific lines of enquiry and areas of interest for wider research. As recent research by Doel et al. argues, ‘At an individual level there is clear evidence that professional development is highly valued, and that participating in these opportunities is more likely to increase confidence, but not for everyone.’ (Doel et al., 2008: p.563) The question is, what kind of CPD is most valued by practitioners themselves, and who determines the types of development paths they follow? Does the element of c hoice determine the utility of particular CPD for individual practitioners? How far does the current atmosphere of assessment and ‘managerialism’ impinge upon self-determination in professional development? The issue of self-determination is a theme from the secondary literature which is embedded in this research. As MacDonald et al. argue, ‘†¦social work as an activity can be understood as an integral part of the modernist project of governance developed and institutionalised in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (MacDonald et al., 2003: p.195). Whilst this can be readily accepted, it arguably masks the dynamic of client age which government maintained, not only over social work, but other professional groups. The latter were invariably involved in some form of campaign to exert leverage on official circles for recognition in institutional terms. ‘In Britain, social work looked directly to the state for its legitimization†¦Accordingly, the political opportunity provided by the publication of the Kilbrandon and Seebohm Reports was seized by proponents of the professional social work project, who campaigned for the implementation of the Reports, f or example through the Seebohm Implementation Action Group.’ (MacDonald et al. 2003: p.198). As this suggests, Social Work was liable to be co-opted into the social projects of the state on a utilitarian basis, with reciprocal implications for the independence of the profession. As Jordan and Jordan point out, ‘In essence, social work is not a means of implementing policy formally and directly, but of mediating the local conflicts generated by new programmes, and engaging with service users over how to fit new measures to their needs.’ They further argue that, ‘It is a waste of its potential for these tasks to treat it as a crude instrument for the imposition of government rules or the quasi-scientific application of research findings.’ (Jordan and Jordan, 2000: p.10). What are the implications of this tension for CPD in SW? Potentially considerable, it is argued here. The debate around Social Work education has become focused on whether †¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthere has been the supplanting of education by training: the sequestering of discourses of depth by those of surface: the setting aside of knowledge for skills, and the general triumph†¦of ‘competencies’ over the complexities of abstraction.’ (Webb, 1996: p.186) It follows from this that the definition of ‘useful’ CPD represents a continuation of such debates through other means: another area through which to contest who exactly defines what is relevant, or ‘best’ practice, in terms of developing solutions for practitioners and service users. How far, for example, do such resources merely reflect the ideas of Lisham, that official ideas about practice ‘†¦tend to be externally imposed and based more on the requirements of managerial control and less on the professional responsibility to evaluate practice and policy and thereby increase their effectiveness.’ (Lisham 1999: p.4). Subsumed within this is a more subliminal question, which is, where is the space in which SW practitioners can express their views or develop dialogues about professional issues? It would appear that we now have a situation where the parameters defined by the GSSC represent the only ‘legitimate’ channels for debat e. Methodology and Research Issues In essence the research enquiry followed two themes, one evaluative, one predictive. Within both, it was intended to elicit views without any leading or rhetorical influence, although current conditions in public sector SW may make this difficult to achieve, as will be discussed below. The specific evaluative enquiry offered practitioners the opportunity to briefly assess their own level of satisfaction with their current and previous CPD. The specific predictive proposal made was that CPD be more focused, through the establishment of an agreed range of activities, designed to augment and enhance SW practice. The overall theme of this was to explore the idea that CPD could be more relevant to SW practice, in the perception of practitioners themselves. This proposal acknowledges the necessity for inclusion of both positivist (quantitative) and phenomenological (qualitative) elements in the enquiry. These labels are arguably less important than the characteristics they represent however. These will explored in more detail below, but it is important here to identify the positivist paradigm as supposedly value-free, and the phenomenological as (in relative terms) value bearing. Obviously, these two model absolutes represent the research ideal, and should not, in any case, be assumed to correlate with the parallel categories of objectivity and subjectivity. Research paradigms in either category would arguably rely on objectivity for their integrity and utility. It is here that the design and operation of a particular model will attract the most stringent scrutiny, especially from its assessors or counter-theorists. Also, when ascribing the different paradigm labels to particular research strands and evidence, it is perhaps important to consider Collis and Hussey’s idea of an unavoidable symbiosis between the two. ‘Although we have identified two main paradigms, it is best to regard them as the two extremes of a continuum. As you move along the continuum, the features and assumptions of one paradigm are gradually relaxed and replaced by those of the other paradigm.’ (Collis and Hussey 2008: p.48). In other words, the quantitative and qualitative paradigms become less discrete and more difficult to distinguish, once the process of interpretation begins. Absolute objectivity is maintained with difficulty, even in the context of an exacting statistical survey: meanwhile purely qualitative work starts to move along the continuum, as soon as repetitive patterns are sought for collateral in phenomenological terms. Various interpretations are possible in any statistical model, whilst even the clearest qualitative conclusions are arguably subject to bias, as soon as a possible conclusion begins to fram e subsequent enquiries. As Patton argues, ‘A paradigm of choices rejects methodological orthodoxy in favour of methodological appropriateness as the primary criterion for judging methodological quality.’ (Patton 1990: pp.38-39). In terms of this study, the methodological issues are basically two-fold. In the first instance, we have a very small sample of data in proportion to the overall scale of what is potentially a national issue. The sample employed here was obtained from one area, and so is immediately vulnerable to the charge that it fails to analyse possible regional variations in both strategy and best practice. Although it reflects differentiated levels of satisfaction with the CPD process, it does not incorporate the views of those who might express – with varying objectivity – the most exacting critiques: i.e., those who have left the profession due to dissatisfaction with the career structure, or CPD possibilities. In the second instance, we have three discrete form of data to integrate, i.e. binary yes/no questionnaire responses, written answers, and more in-depth, qualitative interviews, as well as information from secondary sources. The necessary fusion of these sources in a coge nt form inevitably becomes an editorial process, vulnerable to charges of subjectivity and bias. This is arguably what Ely refers to as the ‘teasing out’ what is considered the ‘essential meaning’ of the data obtained. (Ely, 1991,p.140). (Quoted in Wright et al 1995). This, arguably, is especially pertinent because we are researching a matter of public policy, where positivist data tends to be adapted to value judgements by governments, and governing bodies. As Denzin and Lincoln point out, ‘Qualitative research is inherently multi-method in focus†¦However, the use of multiple methods†¦reflects an attempt to secure an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon in question. Objective reality can never be captured. We know a thing only through its representations.’ (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005: p.5). In term of representation, the specific enquiries made here are designed to produce data at micro level, although their collective implications may have a meso function in terms of the local negotiation of control over CPD standards and access. Only a numerically wider and more varied study could produce data which might function at macro level. However, the eventual connection between micro and macro is implicitly accepted here: as Strauss and Corbin point out, ‘†¦the distinction between micro and macro is an artificial one.’ (Strauss and Corbin, 1998: p.185). The point is though that this limited sample cannot establish such tautology in absolute terms, only suggest ways in which it may be researched further. To these two empirical issues may be added more complex ethical issues around confidentiality and contractual obligation. To employ the current parlance of Human Resources Management, all employees have a ‘psychological contract’ with their management, wherein informally agreed tenets of ‘fairness’ operate. As Williams indicates. ‘..this interpersonal aspect to fairness reminds us that there is a social basis to the exchange relationship between employer and employee and we might expect this to be part of the psychological contract.’ (Williams, 1998: p.183). It has to be conceded that any debate engendered around CPD has the potential to impinge upon the either side of the psychological contract, a fact which may influence and limit the format of questions. 30 brief questionnaires were sent out, of which 22 were returned: three of these respondents agreed to be interviewed, and the same interview pro-forma was employed in each context. There were 14 female respondents and 8 male: in keeping with contemporary guidelines, age was not elicited. The criteria for subject selection was that the respondent should be an established practitioner, i.e. have at least two years service, but no managerial responsibilities. The interviewees were invited to participate and the customary protocols followed in terms of permission to use the material, based on anonymity and the right to withold use of the material. Analysis and Findings The mode of analysis employed was substantially one of triangulation. The binary responses were tallied and are expressed as percentages. In Question 4 the written responses were sorted into those supportive, unsupportive and uncomitted with regard to the proposal (of an agreed ten-part choice of CPD activities). Based on this polarisation, qualitiative responses were then taken from the interview transcripts to illustrate and expand upon the themes identified. 22.75 per cent of respondents agreed that 90 hours of CPD was sufficient for SW’s over a three year period: 18.2 per cent thought it insufficient, whilst a majority, 59.15 per cent thought the whole idea of a prescribed amount of hours too arbitrary. 18.2 per cent considered that the current SW guidelines were effective, with an equal amount disagreeing with this proposition. A majority – 63.7 per cent expressed the view that some kind of change was necessary. Only 13.65 per cent of respondents thought that the CPD options available to them personally had been sufficient for their needs as a practitioner. 27.3 per cent meanwhile thought such resources had been insufficient. 22.75 per cent thought the available CPD had at least been consistent, whilst 36.4% disagreed with this idea. The written responses still produced a fairly polarised set of information. 35 per cent of those who answered supported the idea of being able to select their own CPD activities from a ten choice range. Of the latter, a majority gave some kind of indication that they saw within such a development the opportunity for gaining more control over their own professional development. This was evident from responses such as ‘Yes, great idea, assuming practitioners are involved in drawing it up’, and ‘Yes, perfect. If we get to choose what’s on the list, otherwise its just another form of management control, and we already have too much of that.’ (Appendix 3). Interestingly, the same concern underpinned the rationale of the 55 per cent who did not support the idea. As one respondent put it, ‘I don’t think it could work because CPD is all about standardisation, this idea involves too much individual choice for the ‘powers that be’ to a ccept it.’ This was expressed more directly in the views of another, who remarked that No. CPD just ticks a management box, it doesn’t really help me, so I don’t want four or ten or whatever it is boxes to tick.’ (Appendix 3). The 10 per cent who were uncommitted raised concerns about relevance and the numbers of available options. (Appendix 3) The twenty two tallied responses to Question 5, about practitioners preferences for CPD areas, produced an overwhelming choice for a specific vocational focus in the form of Multi Agency Working, at 36.4 per cent. All of the nine other activities suggested scored 9.1 and 4.5 per cent respectively. (Appendix 3) As might be expected, the interview questions produced the most detailed qualitative data. When asked to evaluate the personal importance of CPD for them, two respondents identified pressure of work rather than management imposition as the main impediment to their pursuing more professional development. The first respondent stated that it was ‘Very Important. I know I don’t spend enough time doing it very often, but that’s just the nature of the job at the moment, where we are all running to stand still. It’s very difficult to commit a worthwhile timetable of CPD when you know for a fact that you won’t actually do half of it, due to unforeseen commitments.’ . The second respondent meanwhile acknowledged that it was ‘†¦Not as important as it probably should be. It’s a box I know I should tick, but in a department where we can’t even recruit at the moment, it’s not a priority. Sorry.’ (Appendix 5). The third respondent explained their lack of commitment to CPD in terms of their lack of control over it: ‘I know it’s vital, but who is it for exactly? If it’s just stuff they think I should be doing, rather than what I want to do, then I could well live without it.’ (Appendix 5). In terms of the specific proposal, i.e. that of providing practitioners with a framework of choice for CPD, the responses were varied. Respondent 1 replied, ‘I can’t think of ten†¦.for me personally at the moment, it would be team-building, and risk assessment, plus maybe multi-agency working.’ (Appendix 5). Respondent 2 indicated ‘Communication, risk assessment, leadership, policy development’ as their preferred foci. Respondent 3 indicated interest in ‘IT skills, communication, multi-agency working, risk assessment’, adding that ‘†¦.the list is endless!’ (Appendix 5) Provisional Conclusions Concerns about who would take responsibility for more liberal and diffuse CPD should be noted here, as in the response , ‘Who would supervise it? I’ll bet it would just be an extra job dumped on somebody like me.’ (Appendix 3) Such objections reflect trends in management which have already been highlighted in the related literature. As Watson points out, ‘The drive for local and central government to modernise and become more accountable has led to a rise in responsibilities of managers for performance management and transparency in decision making.’ (Watson, 2008: p.330) The extent of interest in multi-agency working as a useful area for practitioner CPD, is something which has already been noted in the related literature. As Farmakopoulou has indicated, ‘The main inter-organizational inhibitory factors were related to structural difficulties and lack of joint training. Education and social work departments embody different statutory responsibilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Farmakopoulou 2002: p.1064). Whilst this specific point is obviously vocationally limited, a wider one about inter-professional cooperation may arguably be abstracted from it. In terms of generalisability, it has to be acknowledged that this research and its findings is vulnerable to usual charges of subjectivity which may be levelled at triangulation. As Denzin and Lincoln concede, ‘Triangulation is the simultaneous display of multiple, refracted realities. Each of the metaphors â€Å"works† to create simultaneity rather than the sequential or linear. Readers and audiences are then invited to explore competing visions of the context, to become immersed in and merge with new realities to comprehend.’ (Denzin and Lincoln 2005: p.6). However, in terms of putative research questions, enough areas of potential interest have arguably been identified to warrant further investigation. Themes would be†¦ Involve a larger cohort of respondents. Involve local management as respondents, to obtain views from both sides of the ‘psychological contract’. Involve the GSCC on their views about possible change. APPENDIX ONE: Questionnaire. Are you male †¦.. female†¦.. For each question, please indicate the statement with which you agree most by ticking it. Question 1. a. 90 hours CPD is sufficient for a SW Practitioner over three years. b. 90 hours CPD is insufficient for a SW Practitioner over three years. c. 90 hours is far too arbitrary an amount of CPD for a SW   practitioner: it should be varied for individuals. Question 2. a. Would you agree that the current SW CPD guidelines are effective? b. Would you disagree with the idea that the current SW CPD   guidelines are effective? c. Do you think that changes are necessary in current SW CPD? Question 3. a. Has the available SW CPD been sufficient for your needs as a   practitioner? b. Has the available SW CPD been insufficient for your needs as   practitioner? c. Has the available SW CPD been consistent? Inconsistent? à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Question 4 : Please explain why you would support OR not support the idea of a ten-criteria list from which to select SW CPD activities? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Question 5 : Which areas of professional competence would you include in a ten-criteria list? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPENDIX 2: Tables of Questionnaire Results. Question 1. 90 hours CPD is sufficient for a SW Practitioner over three years. 90 hours CPD is insufficient for a SW Practitioner over three years. 90 hours is far too arbitrary an amount of CPD for a SW practitioner: it should be varied for individuals. 5 4 13 Question 2. Would you agree that the current SW CPD guidelines are effective? Would you disagree with the idea that the current SW CPD guidelines are effective? Do you think that changes are necessary in current SW CPD? 4 4 14 Question 3. Has the available SW CPD been sufficient for your needs as a practitioner? Has the available SW CPD been insufficient for your needs as practitioner? Has the available SW CPD been consistent? Has the available SW CPD been inconsistent? 3 6 5 8 APPENDIX 3 Question 4 : Please explain why you would support OR not support the idea of a ten-criteria list from which to select SW CPD activities? Why ten? It should be about relevance, not a number. Yes I would, but only if I got to choose them, so they were relevant to my needs. No, because it would expand what is already a drain on my time. I don’t think it could work because CPD is all about standardisation, this idea involves too much individual choice for the ‘powers that be’ to accept it. No: who would enforce or administer it? Yes, although why settle on that number? Yes, great idea, assuming practitioners are involved in drawing it up. Yes, perfect. If we get to choose what’s on the list, otherwise its just another form of management control, and we already have too much of that. Yes, if we can get everyone to agree on it. No. It sounds to me like the thin end of a very large wedge which I’ll have to fit into my diary. No. I’m still trying to catch up with my existing CPD, so I definitely don’t need any more. No. One CPD target is enough, I wouldn’t want any more than that. Yes, if it happens, but I can’t see it. No. Wouldn’t this just be more ‘big brother’ stuff from the GSSC? No. I imagine the bureaucracy the government would create around it. No. Who would supervise it? I’ll bet it would just be an extra job dumped on somebody like me. I like the idea in principle, but I think a smaller number of options would be more helpful. No, because I think the current system is OK, and manageable within realistic constraints of time. No. CPD just ticks a management box, it doesn’t really help me, so I don’t want four or ten or whatever it is boxes to tick. Yes, its just what we need to give us more of a voice in our own professional development. The 20 written responses obtained for Question 4, though qualitative in nature, have been sorted into three categories: supportive, unsupportive, and uncommitted. Supportive: 35% 2.Yes I would, but only if I got to choose them, so they were relevant to my needs 6. Yes, although why settle on that number? 7. Yes, great idea, assuming practitioners are involved in drawing it up. 8. Yes, perfect. If we get to choose what’s on the list, otherwise its just another form of management control, and we already have too much of that. 9. Yes, if we can get everyone to agree on it. 13. Yes, if it happens, but I can’t see it. 20. Yes, its just what we need to give us more of a voice in our own professional development. Unsupportive 55% 3. No, because it would expand what is already a drain on my time. 4. I don’t think it could work because CPD is all about standardisation, this idea involves too much individual choice for the ‘powers that be’ to accept it. 5. No: who would enforce or administer it? 10. No. It sounds to me like the thin end of a very large wedge which I’ll have to fit into my diary. 11. No. I’m still trying to catch up with my existing CPD, so I definitely don’t need any more. 12. No. One CPD target is enough, I wouldn’t want any more than that. 14. No. Wouldn’t this just be more ‘big brother’ stuff from the GSSC? 15. No. I imagine the bureaucracy the government would create around it. 16. No. Who would supervise it? I’ll bet it would just be an extra job dumped on somebody like me. 18. No, because I think the current system is OK, and manageable within realistic constraints of time. 19. No. CPD just ticks a management box, it doesn’t really help me, so I don’t want four or ten or whatever it is boxes to tick. Uncommitted 10% 1.Why ten? It should be about relevance, not a number. 17. I like the idea in principle, but I think a smaller number of options would be more helpful. Question 5 : Which areas of professional competence would you include in a ten-criteria list? Team Building skills 2 Leadership skills. 2 Multi-Agency Working. 8 IT skills. 1 Risk Assessment. 2 Intercultural Skills. 2 Communication Skills. 1 Policy Development. 2 Strategic Development. 1 Self-Reflection: being a reflective practitioner. 1 APPENDIX 4: Interview Pro-Forma. Time in SW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Current Post†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Question 1. How important is CPD to you as a Practitioner? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Question 2. Would you change any aspect of current CPD practice? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Question 3. What do you see as the principal issues in current SW CPD practice? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Question 4. Could you identify some of the areas you would include in a ten-item range of activities for SW CPD? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPENDIX 5: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS. Question 1. How important is CPD to you as a Practitioner? Respondent One: Very Important. I know I don’t spend enough time doing it very often, but that’s just the nature of the job at the moment, where we are all running to stand still. It’s very difficult to commit a worthwhile timetable of CPD when you know for a fact that you won’t actually do half of it, due to unforeseen commitments. Respondent Two: Not as important as it probably should be. It’s a box I know I should tick, but in a department where we can’t even recruit at the moment, it’s not a priority. Sorry. Respondent Three: I know it’s vital, but who is it for exactly? If it’s just stuff they think I should be doing, rather than what I want to do, then I could well live without it. Question 2. Would you change any aspect of current CPD practice? Respondent One: Not all of it, as some of it can be very good. I would definitely give people more choice, and the group/team learning idea is a very good one. Respondent Two: Personally, I think it’s all about resources: I mean, I’d let people timetable for it, and relate it closely to what they needed as practitioners†¦but†¦that would cost money: money which, as far as I can see, we just don’t have at the moment. Respondent Three: Yep†¦I’d I either get rid of it†¦.or do it properly†¦I can’t see either happening at the moment though. Question 3. What do you see as the principal issues in current SW CPD practice? Respondent One: Time. All the time it’s an add-on, when it really needs to be a practice-centred activity which you could timetable for, and really concentrate on. Respondent Two: For me its all about relevance and real value. I can spend any amount of time becoming a more reflective practitioner, but that doesn’t help me if my case-load is increasing while I’m doing it. Respondent Three: Well, I can only comment on what they are for me†¦.the real issue is, a lot of what I get given – or I should say, is inflicted upon me – as CPD, has very little to do with my case-load and the real problems I face. Maybe its because I’m old-school, pre-graduate and all that. Yes it’s all very interesting, but, well, I’m not an academic! There, I’ve said it! This is what I do, and no amount of CPD seems to change that. Question 4. Could you identify some of the areas you would include in a ten-item range of activities for SW CPD? Respondent One: I can’t think of ten†¦.for me personally at the moment, it would be team-building, and risk assessment, plus maybe multi-agency working. Respondent Two: Communication, risk assessment, leadership, policy development. Respondent Three: IT skills, communication, multi-agency working, risk assessment†¦.the list is endless! Bibliography Brown, K., and Keen, S., (2004), ‘Post Qualifying Awards in Social Work (Part 1): Necessary Evil or Panacea?’ Social Work Education, vol. 23, No 1: pp.77-92. Bryman, A., (1998), Doing Research in Organisations, London Routledge. Bryman, A., (2007), Social Research Methods Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bryant, A., Charmaz, K., (2007), The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, London, Sage Publications. Collis, J and Hussey, R., (2003), Business Research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, London, Palgrave Macmillan. Crombie I 1996 Pocket Guide to Critical Appraisal London BMJ Publication Group Department of Health (1998) Modernising Social Services London H.M.S.O www.doh.gov.uk Accessed 19-01-2006 Department of Health, (2000), Strategy for Social Car,e H.M.S.O., London www.doh.gov.uk Accessed 01-11-2006 Denzin, N.K., and Lincoln, Y.S., (eds), (2005), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications. Doel, M., Nelson

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie e

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses the roles of the members of the Wingfield family to highlight the controlling theme of illusion versus reality. The family as a whole is enveloped in mirage; the lives of the characters do not exist outside of their apartment and they have basically isolated themselves from the rest of the world. Even their apartment is a direct reflection of the past as stories are often recalled from the mother's teenage years at Blue Mountain, and a portrait of the man that previously left the family still hangs on the wall as if his existence is proven by the presence of the image. The most unusual factor of their world is that it appears as timeless. Amanda lives only in the past while Tom lives only in the future and Laura lives in her collection of glass animals, her favorite being the unicorn, which does not exist. Ordinary development and transformation cannot take place in a timeless atmosphere such as the apartment. T he whole family resists change and is unwilling to accept alteration. Not only is the entire family a representation of illusion versus reality, each of the characters uses fantasy as a means of escaping the severity of their own separate world of reality. Each has an individual fantasy world to which they retreat when the existing world is too much for them to handle. Each character has a different way of dealing with life when it seems to take control of them, and they all become so completely absorbed in these fantasies that they become stuck in the past. Amanda Wingfield (mother) is the most unrealistic of all the characters. She clings desperately to the past as she repeatedly relives the memories of receivin... ...Unicorn b. Jim 4. Laura's reaction to Jim's engagement 5. Laura's final plunge into illusion C. Tom 1. Tom's desperate desire to escape reality inside home 2. Complaints of job and mother 3. Discussion of outside world 4. Admiration for father 5. Tom's final attempt to escape reality 6. Truth of Tom's attachment to truth of reality D. Jim 1. Jim's understanding of reality versus illusion 2. Reflection of high school memories 3. Impact on Laura a. Convinces Laura to dance b. Kisses Laura 4. Breaks news of engagement to Laura 5. Impact on other Wingfield characters a. Amanda 1. Seen as tender and caring for the first time 2. Comforts Laura with dignity b. Tom 1. Decides to finally break away from reality of Wingfield home 2. Follows in father's footsteps III. Conclusion

Using Empirical Research Evidence, Explain the Effects

Using empirical research evidence, explain the effects of one neurotransmitter on human behavior. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, which send signals and communicate information through neurons (nerve cells), cells, our brains and our bodies. Neurotransmitters are released and travel through terminals in the brain until they reach certain receptors. Neurotransmitters and their functions are located and carried out in different sections of the brain. It uses neurotransmitters to make your body carry out certain functions, such as making your heart beat and your lungs breathe.Scientists are not sure of how many neurotransmitters actually exist, but they can be sorted into two main different types. These are called exitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Exitatory neurotransmitters stimulate different parts of the brain. Three wellknown types of exitatory neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. Inhibitory neurotransmitters calm the br ain and create balance. Three different types of inhibitory neurotransmitters are serotonin, gaba and dopamine.Although dopamine was already mentioned as an exitatory neurotransmitter, it is special because it is considered to be both exitatory and inhibitory. Dopamine affects the 5 different dopamine receptors: dopamine 1 (D1), dopamine 2 (D2), dopamine 3 (D3), dopamine 4 (D4) and dopamine 5 (D5), and helps to control parts of the brain that react to pleasure and reward. It helps the brain not only to see rewards, but to motivate a person to obtain those rewards, or at least try to move towards them. It also helps to motivate humans to perform the actions again, to acquire the same rewards.This involves activities such as eating, sex, and other such activities that create a rush of adrenaline. Along with that, dopamine also helps the body to move and have emotional responses to certain objects or situations. A lack of the dopamine neurotransmitter can have a number of negative effe cts, one main illness being Parkinson's disease. Also, people that are low in or lacking in dopamine activity are more likely to have addictions or become chemical dependent. When dopamine is not produced correctly in the frontal lobe of the brain, attention, focus, memory and the ability to analyse can all be negatively effected.The dopamine neurotransmitter can also effect people socially. Studies have shown that anxiety in social situations and a lack of dopamine 2 receptors can very often be linked, also, people with bipolar disorder are given drugs known as ‘anti-psychotics', which block dopamine, in an aim to reduce mania. A study was carried out on May the 2nd and was published in the Journal of Neuroscience. The scientists that worked on the study included a team of Vanderbilt University scientists, medicine student Michael Treadway and professor of psychology, David Zald.The aim of the experiment, was to test whether ambitious and hard working ‘go getters' in th e workplace, who were willing and able to work hard to obtain the reward they want, had a different level of dopamine release in the brain (or certain parts of the brain), than workers that tended to slack off more and were less willing to work towards obtaining a reward. The team of scientists used a Positron emission tomography (or PET scan), which is a medical imaging technique, used to produce 3D images of functions taking place in the brain, and other parts of the body.The scientists discovered that the ambitious workers, working towards a reward, had a larger release of the dopamine neurotransmitter in the parts of the brain that, studies have shown, are linked to motivation and obtaining reward. These parts of the brain are called the striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Not only did they find out this, but they also uncovered that less motivated people in the workplace had a high release of dopamine also, but in a completely different part of the brain. This dopa mine release was happening in the anterior insula of the brain, which is the section that is linked to emotion and risk perception.Many different types of studies have proven that dopamine affects going after rewards, and motivation in the brain, but the speciality of this particular study is that it proves that dopamine is not only linked to rewards in hardworkers, but also can be linked to emotions and risk perception in less ambitious workers. This empirical research study clearly shows that dopamine has an affect on human behaviour by effecting the ambition, or lack of it, in the workplace when it comes to working towards reaching a goal and obtaining a certain reward.

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays The main goal of the science of psychology is to discover and generate knowledge about people and their behavior. Studying the cultural aspect of the science adds yet another piece to the puzzle of psychology. By definition, cultural psychology includes cultural similarities and differences in behavior with its main theories. The research pertaining to the study of crossing cultures in a psychological aspect is done by examining the behaviors, beliefs and reactions of people from different cultural backgrounds. To simplify the study of cultural psychology, cultures have been initially divided into two types. The types included are collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and the two are seemingly at opposite ends of the spectrum of psychology. However, there are also etics, that is aspects that are universal across cultures, present in the comparison of the two types of cultures. Aspects that differ from one culture to another are known as emics, and a major goal of scientists engaged in the study of cultures is to determine which aspects of human behavior should be classified as etics and which as emics. Here, Id like to explore an overview of some of both. People who belong to individualistic cultures, such as the Unites States, see themselves as individuals, separate from the societal group. Highly individualistic cultures encourage people to take care of themselves and make life decisions based on their individual needs. Individualists tend to give priority to ones own goals and define their identities in terms of personal attributes. Because of this, they generally possess what is known as an independent construal of self, which simply defines what I have already stated; the individuals focus on internal and personal attributions. This explains the fact that individualists are more likely to prejudge people based on the obvious personal a...

Conformity essays

Conformity essays Conformity is an essential part of every culture. Its basic a likeness and understanding that can draw people together. A culture who has citizens who conform will be stronger. The regularity brings power, and stability. Because if all men are equal, then those who are together will become stronger than those alone. Conformity can be small things as simple as speaking the lands native language, or it can require more like following the laws and paying the taxes. It can even mean following a religious deity or having an arranged marriage. Its just allowing yourself to be a part of the norm. There is truth in the statement united we stand, divided we fall. Conformity is a necessary tool of all real progression. People die, and things are lost. Thats why cultures matter. Cultures have existed longer than any man can remember, and effected many. If an idea, or invention or anything else is good or substantial, it can be passed on through a culture. Cultures make it possible for the thoughts and actions of man to withstand mortality, more substantially. So by adhering to a norm or a law, you can accept the knowledge of others. By accepting and participating in a culture, you mix the ideals of others with your own, for better or worse. Its creates a never ending cycle of the growing wisdom of more than one man. By conforming, it means that mankind isnt damned to repeat itself eternally, because every man only works for himself. Our collective forms our culture, which changes with everything we do. We can grow and become greater, rather than simply existing. For as long as I can remember, Ive gone to school. School is a tool of learning, and conformity. It prepares me to go out, and work for my government. My knowledge and skill will most likely benefit my culture, which will benefit others. All children are required to go to school. This regularity of knowledge makes ...

What Makes for Effective Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

What Makes for Effective Interviews - Essay Example Good listening skills are the key to good communication and play an effective role in understanding the job requirements and applicants’ proficiencies related to the job. The interviewing process can be divided into three steps that are planning, the interview itself and recording of results. All these steps are crucial to make an interview effective. The interviewee should not be threatened and a relaxed environment should be created in order to receive positive feedback from the interviewee. Training should be provided for teaching the interviewers to take care of all stages of interview. The interview questions are required to be planned directly related to the knowledge, skills, and abilities required in a selection process. In addition, the interviewer should ask himself about a number of questions related to conducting an interview session such as â€Å"how long is it going to last?†, â€Å"When?†, â€Å"How many people are to be interviewed?†, †Å"What should be recorded?† and so on. Following the welcome courtesies, the interviewer should inform the candidate something about the organization, the job and how the two fit together. Questions should not be only from the interviewer’s side but also from the interviewee’s side in order to have a productive discussion. While conducting an interview, there should be no discrimination of any kind as it makes the interviewer to decide incorrectly about the job and the candidate. The interviewer should be neutral and should show an unbiased approach towards all candidates of the interview. His attitude should be encouraging so that both, the interviewer and interview can talk in a comfortable environment. It can be said that for conducting effective interviews, the interviewers require training, they should make use of good communication skills, they should do planning, they must be accommodative and should be unprejudiced. What Makes for Effective Interviews? In terviews are required at a number of occasions such as selection procedure of applicants for a specific job, for training of specific personnel, for appraising someone for promotion and much more. In all kinds of interviewing, the interviewer works as the authority and his job is to conduct such an interview that results in some outcome and is not just an activity without any output. The decision of a process is based on an effective interview. Communication is essential in all formal and informal professional gatherings, as without communication, there can be no success (Schockley-Zalabak, 2011). Similarly, communication is also required in interviewing, as interview is a communicative activity. For effective interviewing, the interviewer is required to make use of effective communication skills as without good communication skills, a person cannot be interviewed successfully. Interviews are a source of judgment of interviewees and this judgment can be faulty if the interviewer is unable to analyze the appropriateness of the candidate regarding a job. Communication is essential, as it is because of communication that an interviewer gets the chance to evaluate a person’s suitability for the advertised job (Dipboye, et al., 2010). The communication process that is part of an interview should not be restricted and complex. The interview should be facilitated with opportunities to express himself and his thoughts regarding a question asked by the interviewer. In addition, the i

Development of Concept of Operations. M3S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Development of Concept of Operations. M3S - Essay Example Setting goals improves the quality of any work. It can also lead to long working hours which will surely lead to poor performance (Rogers, 123). Mission state development could be the most valuable thing for any company, when done correctly it represents s a company’s purpose and it reminds the employee about the companies’ goals. Unlike business, goals, mission statements are never revised. In some instances if the mission statement is not accurate it leads to missing an opportunity in adding value to any business. Accountability problem is when, what is expected is not accomplished. The concepts of accountability are what leaders always struggle about every day. It requires discipline and commitment; more leaders avoid it and more leaks spring up in their organizations. A persuasive communication skill leads to development of various concepts of operation. It facilitates proper understanding making it easier in sharing of ideas. Communication can also be poor in that two parties are unable to understand each other, in such an instance no progress, poor communication will be cause. (Mat lack, 71). Command structure has its benefits; it is remarkably efficient in development of concepts of operation. It facilitates in a smooth running during the development. Despite being efficient, it can lead to favism of some of the employers. Effectiveness of any concept of operation can be measured after the output; failure to a concept of operation is not

Corrections Module 6 Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corrections Module 6 Writing - Essay Example The fourteenth amendment has a statute of incorporation which enforces that all details contained in the bill of rights must be followed by all the states. Moreover, prisoners are provided with equal protection irrespective of the state jurisdictions. Alongside this, there is a clause to ensure the federal government respects and honors all citizens’ legal rights as contained in the bill of rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 impacts fairness and equity in lawsuits irrespective of whether one person involved is a minor or a servant of the other. This was meant to protect those who were enslaved from cruel treatment that led to deprivation of human and civil rights, immunities and privileges offered to individuals. This was to be followed irrespective of the race, tribe or religion. Especially the freed slaves were allowed equal and free access to courts of law to claim their rights against civil rights offences inflicted on them. They would file lawsuits like any other person. The hands off doctrine deduced that prison administration should operate on its own without interference or control by outside forces such as the courts and prisoners are further considered as slaves of the state . Once the prisoner is under prison administration, the court has no power over him again unless the eighth amendment is violated. The doctrine of intervention claims for the freedom of religion, need for privacy, safety and communication without forgetting the right to or for due process. Finally the nominal doctrines circulates in between the intervention and hands off doctrines, as far as the court jurisdiction had presided since the eighty’s. In matters regarding prisoners access to courts, they are allowed full access to the since without it they cannot air their grievances which means no lawsuits. Moreover prisoners did not have adequate knowledge on legal affairs thereby their lawsuits did not stand a chance. The courts ruled to assist them by

Discrimination and Children Essay Example for Free

Discrimination and Children Essay This Act was put in place to protect individuals so they will not be discriminated against age, gender, disability, race, religion, sex, civil partnership, sexual orientation. We must give a child an equal chance to participate and make appropriate resources available to reach their full potential. Children are unique individuals and have the right to be treated fairly with equal respect. Disability Discrimination Act 1995-2005 When children with disabilities are discriminated against this causes them to loose confidence and are made to feel isolated. This policy was put in place to protect them for being disadvantaged. They should not be treated less favourably that non-disabled student without justification. They are entitled to have adjustment made for the purpose of education and association. 2.3 Evaluate how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and people. In my setting, at Al-Ameen primary school every one has their own values and opinions but share the same belief and this is vital in making personalities. However as professionals working with children we must have a diverse approach. I never make sudden judgement on people or children. I am placid natured so I give children time to shine through and understand the objective. I present myself as a positive role model. As a professional working with children it is important that our attitude reflect our opinion and belief.eg. Children pray after lunchtime and I as a TA I supervise the children when they pray. However I don’t pray at that time so I never discourage them, they choose to for themselves to participate. That is their opinion and belief as an individual. It is also important I do not let my own personal opinion have an impact on the child’s judgment. 2.4 Explain how to promote anti discriminatory practice in work with children and young people. At my setting we have children from different backgrounds and cultures. In every day practice and to avoid anti discrimination we must show interest in learning about other cultures, lifestyles and work on building positive relationships. We also have a student from France who has a language barrier so I would recognise this and make provisions so that he/she is not discriminated in any way such as helping the children to write or draw in their books. Speak slowly, or use French words. When I started in year three I noticed some children were struggling with thick pencil so I made the teacher aware of this and changed to thin pencil and now we notice children enjoy writing. Moving the tables around to give children easy access. Moving the children closer to the board or reading out the questions. I would give some children extra time to complete the set task. This would ensure all children hav e the same opportunity to learn and be included in all aspects of school life. 2.5 Explain how to challenge discrimination The discrimination must always be challenged, according to the school policies, this is done through the behaviour policy, equal opportunity or Anti-bulling policy. Staff must follow the policies and procedures in place for discrimination. It has to be dealt with immediately. This may need to be recorded in a incident book. The discriminatory behaviour and comments may also need to be recorded. Sometimes children may say something without understanding the implication of their comments in such cases they must be made aware that such comments would be reported. They should be reminded that everyone in the school should be treated fairly and respectfully. If I heard a white girl making comments to a black girl such as† you can’t be queen you are black†. I would explain to that child that her remarks are hurtful and that every one has the right to be treated fairly so you should not judge people by the colour of their skin. Three boys tell a girl â€Å"you can’t help build the wall it’s men’s work†. As a TA I would go and talk to the three boys by asking why they think that and where they heard it . I would tell them that every one should be treated equally weather they are a boy or girl because we can all do the same job. Eg. Your mum cooks and she is a women but when you go to restaurants why are there men who are chefs. When you go to hospital there are men who are nurses. 2.1 Explain ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination There are many different ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination at school. One way might be trying to fit in with the expected appearances and behaviour. They may face discrimination or even be bullied. If a child is deprived of basic necessities like not having the enough food, looking untidy, not correct school uniform then this could lead to the child being discriminated against by other children. Some children may face sexism because boys may not include girls in certain activities eg. When a boy’s play with ball they think girls do not play with a ball. Children from other cultural backgrounds may not play with other children because they should only play with children from same background. Children with disabilities may not be involved in an activity with other children that could mean they have been discriminated against.

Information technology interpersonal communication

Information technology interpersonal communication Introduction Information Technology Interpersonal Communication What is Information Technology? Information Technology (IT) is the using of computer and software to manage information (Laura Schneider, About.com). Information Technology have four developing periods, which are Premechanical (3000 B.C-1450 B.C), Mechanical (1450-1840), Electromechanical (1840-1940) and Electronic (1940- Present). The characteristic of Information Technology (IT) uses to solve the input, processing, output and communication issues. However, with the development of the society, Information Technology (IT) plays more important role; it has special charm to effect mankinds life within Arts, Sciences, Education, Commerce and Medical. In fact, Information Technology (IT) has complex functions because of development. The Modern Information Technology Department included Computers, Servers, Database Management Systems, and Cryptography (Laura Schneider, About.com). The department would set up of several system administrators, database administrators. On the other hand, what is interpersonal communication? The Interpersonal Communication (IC) is an extraordinary form that happens when 2 or more people work together with another person and reciprocally influence for each other (Fallkowski, 2002). Contemporary their action denotes that the communication associates are having the same information at the same time. Besides, the reciprocally influence means, which affected by the interaction such as thoughts, feelings, and interpretation. Essentially, Interpersonal Communication is kept and maintained relationships by the human. Moreover, it plays more importance of roles that include People, Messages, Channels, Noises, and Feedbacks. Generally speaking, Interpersonal Communication (IC) can improve people with the education needed for entrance kinds of Careers Company. They will face the challenges of effective communication. Changes Brought by IT In the modern of society, Information Technology (IT) always have a lot of advantages and disadvantages to human; it is an important topic that people can recognize what Information Technology is exactly or mistakenly, and why it also plays the most important role in our daily life. In fact, the world has altered due to assist of Information Technology. The significance of IT can be discovered from the true things that consist of personal PCs, Hand Phones, Fax Machines, Email, and Internet. Communication With the development of the technology, communication has also become that are cheaper, quicker, and more effectiveness. People communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them and email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from diverse parts of the world. The number of websites start to support that user can download different software, songs, movies, and games at anywhere and anytime. Microsoft Network (MSN) is free software of communication that creates E-Mail, Sending Message and Sharing Space. It also builds own personal place (Blogging) on the website (REDMOND, Wash 2004). In fact, people can use internet that understand different news such as business news, political news, educational news, and others in the world. Besides, more and more colleges and companies are beginning to build virtual office telecommuting systems, which are providing working rates. Students can also study their subjects and managers can increase rate of management. Changes In the Way We Learn The rapid development of economy, IT also improves peoples living qualities. When you watched TV or played game, you would think about Information Technology (IT) because many movies and Pc-games were designed by the computer. Actually, Computer and Internet are the best certification, more and more companies pay attention to how to use Information Technology (IT) to manage their company. MAAKL Home Office (MHO) is an unusual software of investment (Personal Money, June 2009), which can be accessed via multi-channels such as a Desktop Computer, Network or Windows Mobile Personal Digital Assistant. Next, Science and Medicine are changed by computer such as Pool Knowledge, Track Complex Behaviors, and Simulate Complex Systems, Patient Care, Research, Special Needs, and Sports Medicine (Roberta Baber, 1997). Moreover, Information Technology (IT) teaches young children how to learn knowledge. In high schools and colleges students can benefit from computer-based learning experience. In ad dition, education does not stop in the classroom; there are much software that students can choose to learning such as Online Dictionary, History, Geography, and Biology. On the other hand, some scientists use Information Technology (IT) to solve transportation problem, which are consisting of Smart Cars, Air Traffic Control, Airline Reservation Systems, Airports, Logistics, Trains, and Travel Guides and Toward the Future (Roberta Baber, 1997). According to the above examples, we can see that the government agencies, education institution, and industrial do not leave Information Technology (IT). Time Efficiency IT has created that it possible for business to be untied all over the globe. This means that a business can open anytime and anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more suitable. It also means that you can contain your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to mover a single muscle. Today the number of people utilize that information can be shared by voice mail, and recorded telephone message can sent from anywhere in the world. Scanners can build a lot of pictures, which change documents. Via fax modems can send documents to a fax machine or photo in other places such as office, building, state, and country. Besides, e-mail has provided the best service to every computer user in daily living (Human Relations, 2006). As a result, we can observe that Information Technology (IT) not only save times and improve working rates, but it also solves barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. Cost Effectiveness Information Technology (IT) has helped to computerize the business process therefore streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Nowadays, in high-tech communication environment (Human Relations, 2006), which are more and more companies keep virtual offices and networks of workers are connecting technology. No mater they are at outside, airplane, a motel room and communicate with visa e-mail, cellular phone, and fax modern. Moreover, telecommuting is an arrangement that employee can work in their homes, and people scattered in the world to work as one office employees. According to the above event, it is always elucidation that Information Technology (IT) can bring more benefits to commerce. Junk Mail Junk mail is email that a personality did not ask for, Unsolicited, funny photographs, advertisement, and junk. There is existing many individual personals e-mails, which are including Types of Unsolicited email, Harassing Mail, Chain Mail, Virus Hoaxes, Viruses and Email, and Collateral Spam(Human Relations, 2006). In fact, when someone views the contents, there are many attachments that can shut down an entire operating system. Therefore, the number of jobs will be affected by junk mail. In contrast, some people may accept a little risk because they often use e-mail to contact their friends or relatives. Moreover, almost companies have feedback center, they often use e-mail to solve customers problems. When customers check their e-mail, they may receive viruss mails and junk mails. Thus junk mail also threatens safeties of the computers. Privacy Problem It is commonly believe that Information Technology (IT) is communication quicker, convenient, and easier. However, it has some privacy problems in our daily life. For example, when you are using your call phone or computer, you may face that your private information will be obstructed by other people. Therefore, people are beginning anxious about their individual living changing public news. Hackers will use malicious software that sets up Trojan virus on the website such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN to Troll the Web, the companies retain IP Addresses, Search Content, Browser, and User Locations. People often can hear or look about stars Nude Picture Scandal case. Hong Kong singer and actor Edison Chen happened nude photo scandal on February 21, 2008. (Source China Daily February21, 2008)) As a result, we can observe that Information Technology also has lack of secure guardianship. Lack of Job Security Some experts consider that Information Technology (IT) has made job security this problem, which are keeping updating each day. Generally speaking, many IT people are lack of job securities. In the economy downturn period, there are many IT films that face pressure of finance. Therefore, IT workers have more ideas. Some people think that they hard work each day, but the boss does not pay attention to their efforts. Other people feel that they can not only promote, but they also get fewer salaries. However, some people change new jobs, but they cannot adapt new environments because of subject problem. Moreover, some companies will have mergers, buyouts, downsizings, business closings, and bankrupts. In addition to IT is a bubble economy that has more competitive wars. Finally, IT workers minds become other ideas. Dominant Culture Information Technology (IT) may bring many benefits to human, which are changing communication methods, improving work rate, increasing new opportunity of job, and saving time. However, some people may not suppose that Information Technology (IT) will corrode dominant culture. This means that Information Technologies (IT) have made the world a global village. Humans communication is changed by IT. We can distinguish that many young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Famous brands involve Lee, KFC, Pizza Hut, and Hollywood Movies. In contrast, languages also have become overshadowed English the first communication skill. There are 20 hundred million people speaking English in the world. Yet, other unusual languages will be disappeared by the English. For the above reasons explain that Information Technology (IT) not only bring a lot of delightful surprises, but it also changes mankinds living. Effective Communication Using IT The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention. How can improve to use Information Technology in communication? Effective Search Engine Along with the development of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is how to effectively improve development of Information Technology (IT) that becomes a big issue. When data or information grows that many companies are using effective search engine that find variety of information of businesses. Some computer engineers create that engines can be developed for particular organization as well as available tools can be used. For instance, Google is the biggest search engine company in the world. It has collected 20 hundred million information Websites. No mater you are staying anywhere or anytime, you can Google to find information. In contrast, Google also continuously develop new Web Search technology into other search services such as Image Search, Google News, Google Product Search, Google Groups, and Google Maps. For the above example, we can get a result that effective search engine of creation may improve to use Information Technology Software Updates Many experts think that software skills have the largest space of development. Examples involve Operating Systems, Database Management Systems, Network Operating Systems, Data Communication Software, and Compilers. For example, Microsoft still develops new operating systems that include Windows95, Windows98, Windows2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. On the other hand, Apple is not only manufacturing computers company, it also has new personalized operating systems. Examples include iTunes 9, Safari 4, QuickTime 7, and iWork09 (Top Apple Downloads (2009). In addition, there are almost call phones that have 3G, GPS, and variety of software. For all the events, we can see that those companies have a common new goal. They prefer to develop quicker software skill because of the biggest commercial opportunity. Thus, development of software skill have belonged how to advance Information Technology. Improvement of IT Personnels Ability During the financial downturn, the numbers of IT companies also are attention how to improve information technology personnels workability. Because they can change companys survive or perish. In China, Information Technology (IT) is becoming chief trend; there are a lot of colleges students in which learn Information Technology programs. They realize that China is developing the third economic country in the world. When those students graduate, they will have strong professional knowledge that employs all kinds of Information Technology jobs. On the other words, there are many well-know Information Technology (IT) companies in China such as Sina, Netease, BaiDu, Alibaba, and Eachnet. They build up special HR department that train their IT employees. This method can help to establish a good team, which complete companys task. Moreover, they have one main goal that utilizes the best method in which quickly expand and effectively operate Information Technology (IT) at during short time. E-Commerce Nowadays, we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have take place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practices. Information Technology (IT) change a lot of peoples living communication methods. In 1960s, banks began to use computer and magnetic ink recognition to automate check processing. In the 1970s and 1980s, business extended their computer based electronic data interchange (Baldauf Ralph Stair). Nowadays, E-Commerce is becoming the type of electronic trading, which is using online transaction of business, featuring linked computer systems of the vendor, host and buyer. Examples include Taobao, Travelocity, Hotels, Amazon, Llbean and CompUSA. These websites also offer the best service to their customer, and they always keep updating their information systems and service skills. IT Products In fact, more and more Information Technology (IT) products are entering into humans living. Examples involve Digital Camera, Business Hand Phone, Mp3, Mp4, and Electronic Dictionary etc. we can see that a lot of companies continuously produce new products, which are satisfying customers requirement. Some companies develop new environmental IT products. This means that use recycling materials and improve product energy efficiency. Besides, IT product proves that peoples living always develop each day. People use IT product records many wonderful events such as birthday party, students meeting, and wedding ceremony. It cannot be denied that there still exist some advantages of Information Technology products. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the effect that Information Technology product can be effective used by people. Electronic Library Electronic Library is devoted to the functions and implications of new technology, digitization, the Internet, user interfaces, automation, and networks in the libraries. Electronic Library has to offer and save function of information that consist of newspaper, books, scientific dissertation, meeting paper, implant case, and work statement. All the above materials will become digital Information Technology. Besides, Electronic Library has a special navigation that help user to find information. Finally, Electronic Library also improves information service, the number of user can easily check, read, and download the best information. All the above suggestions that we can come to the simple conclusion that more and more people are paying attention to how to develop Electronic Library. Digitization Digitization encompasses digital technology of all kinds that serve and support Digital Music, Video, and Graphics. Digitization consists of perception, presentation, display, storage, and transmission. The electronic conversion is accomplished through imaging a process whereby a document is scanned and an electronic representation of the original. With the development of the internet, people begin to use digital media to communicate for each other. In China, there are a lot of businesses of opportunities because digital media is a beginner. More and more films are trying to research and develop digital media in their business. Examples include IPTV, Mobile Telephone (2.5G/3G), and GPS. Besides, Digital Media also affect young persons ideas such as modish dress, songs, and movies. Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that Digital Media is becoming a major trend. FaceBook As one of the most important inventions at the twenty-first century, Facebook has a wide application in all aspects of our lives. It plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the world. Facebook is a social networking website that develops humans communication. Some people think that Facebook can construct new communication channels. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal information. Beside, user can join networks organized by workplace, school, and region. Users can use hotmail to find their friends, which are extending their societal opportunities, and they can show their photo, video, daily, and game with their families and friends. User can also set their profiles on public. This allows close friends to send messages and add the user as a friend. Microsoft is Facebooks partner for serving banner advertising; as such Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsofts advertisement inventory. Finally, Facebook has different language systems, which bring a lot of conveniences to human. Conclusion Information Technology (IT) has successful changed humans life styles and it able to create new IT skills though numerous imaginations. IT has proved that it can provide brilliant services to peoples appetence. As a result, those efforts pay off and Information Technology has achieved this difficult mission. Besides, Information Technology (IT) always summarizes its disadvantages and continuously updates date system that does not wash out peoples view line. With the great success, Information Technology (IT) is finding new goal, which is combining with communication. Thus, more and more Information Technology products are coming into families. People also adieux strange living and increase person relationship. However, during the economy downturn in 2008/2009, the number of people are facing unemployed crisis, they lessen a lot of consumption ways. Information also affect so that each IT company may decrease funs to develop new Information Technology skills. In contrast, Information Technology (IT) has shown that there all advantages service to humans communication and it has much potential for development in our daily life. These factors are Effective Search Engine, Software Updates, and Improvement of IT Personnels Ability, E-Commerce, IT Products, Bluetooth, Digitization, and Networking. Each of them has their potentials in giving services to mankind. Reference Reference to Web pages Laura Schneider. Information Technology Definition and History. About.com. Retrieved September16, 2009 From http://jobsearchtech.about.com/od/careersintechnology/p/ITDefinition.htm Introductions to Interpersonal Communications. Mastering Human Relations 3rd Edition, A Fallkowski, (2002). Retrieved September16, 2009 From http://webhome.idirect.com/~kehamilt/ipsyles1.html REDMOD, Wash, Dec 1, (2004).MSN Introduces New Communication Service That Enables Blogging, Picture Sharing and More. Microsoft PressPass. 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Tan Su-Yin.Retrieved September18 2009 Macworld (May 2009). Road Tripper, By Ted Wallingford. Retrieved September19 2009. Human Relations, Principles and practices 6th ed. (2006). B.L Brandt, R. Retrieved September20 2009